Table of Contents
- 1 What is the Bose-Einstein condensate state of matter?
- 2 How does Bose-Einstein condensate formed?
- 3 Why is Bose Einstein condensation important?
- 4 What are the examples of BEC in real life situation?
- 5 Who predicted Bose-Einstein condensate?
- 6 Can photons form Bose-Einstein condensate?
- 7 What is the difference between a photon and a ghost?
- 8 What is the difference between good and bad ghost particles?
What is the Bose-Einstein condensate state of matter?
Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), a state of matter in which separate atoms or subatomic particles, cooled to near absolute zero (0 K, − 273.15 °C, or − 459.67 °F; K = kelvin), coalesce into a single quantum mechanical entity—that is, one that can be described by a wave function—on a near-macroscopic scale.
How does Bose-Einstein condensate formed?
In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (−273.15 °C or −459.67 °F).
What is an example of be condensate?
Two examples of materials containing Bose-Einstein condensates are superconductors and superfluids. Superconductors conduct electricity with virtually zero electrical resistance: Once a current is started, it flows indefinitely. The liquid in a superfluid also flows forever. In effect, there is no friction.
Does Bose-Einstein condensate exist naturally?
They’re not found naturally on Earth, but some speculate that the high-pressure conditions around neutron stars may give rise to BEC-like gases (1). High densities in that extreme environment may bring the particles so close together they act like condensates.
Why is Bose Einstein condensation important?
An important effect, that can observed in Bose Einstein Condensates, is quantum mechanical tunneling. It means that a small fraction of the condensate can overcome a barrier that could not be overcome by a classical particle. This property gives rise to other quantum mechanical effects like the Josephson-Effect.
What are the examples of BEC in real life situation?
A BEC ( Bose – Einstein condensate ) is a state of matter of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero is called BEC. Examples – Superconductors and superfluids are the two examples of BEC.
What are 7 states of matter?
Matter is any thing that is made from atoms and molecules. ( Studios, 1995) . The seven states of matter that I am investigating are Solids, Liquids, Gases, Ionized Plasma, Quark-Gluon Plasma, Bose-Einstein Condensate and Fermionic Condensate. Solid Definition – Chemistry Glossary Definition of Solid.
What state of matter is absolute zero?
solid
In the quantum-mechanical description, matter (solid) at absolute zero is in its ground state, the point of lowest internal energy.
Who predicted Bose-Einstein condensate?
Satyendra Nath Bose
Bose-Einstein condensates were first predicted theoretically by Satyendra Nath Bose (1894-1974), an Indian physicist who also discovered the subatomic particle named for him, the boson. Bose was working on statistical problems in quantum mechanics, and sent his ideas to Albert Einstein.
Can photons form Bose-Einstein condensate?
During this process, the photons collide with dye molecules located between the reflecting surfaces. The strong concentration of the light particles combined with simultaneous cooling causes the individual photons to fuse to form a “super photon,” also known as Bose-Einstein condensate.
What is a ghost condensate?
A ghost condensate is a speculative proposal in which a ghost, an excitation of a field with a wrong sign of the kinetic term, acquires a vacuum expectation value. This phenomenon breaks Lorentz invariance spontaneously. Around the new vacuum state, all excitations have a positive norm, and therefore the probabilities are positive definite.
What is a ghost in quantum mechanics?
In the terminology of quantum field theory, a ghost, ghost field, ghost particle, or gauge ghost is an unphysical state in a gauge theory. Ghosts are necessary to keep gauge invariance in theories where the local fields exceed a number of physical degrees of freedom.
What is the difference between a photon and a ghost?
In the terminology of quantum field theory, a ghost, ghost field, ghost particle, or gauge ghost is an unphysical state in a gauge theory. Ghosts are necessary to keep gauge invariance in theories where the local fields exceed a number of physical degrees of freedom . , whereas the photon has only two polarizations.
What is the difference between good and bad ghost particles?
The “good ghost” particles actually obtain the symmetry by unchanging the ” gauge fixing Lagrangian ” in a gauge transformation, while bad ghost particles break the symmetry by bringing in the non-abelian G-matrix which does change the symmetry, and this was the main reason to introduce the gauge covariant and contravariant derivatives.