Table of Contents
- 1 How do you find the degree of reduction?
- 2 How do you calculate the degree of reduction of glucose?
- 3 How do you calculate biomass yield?
- 4 What is degree reduction?
- 5 What is the degree of reduction of glycerol?
- 6 What is the degree of reduction of glucose *?
- 7 Why is glycerol Nonfermentable?
- 8 What is yeast glycerol?
- 9 How do you calculate the degree of reduction in ethanol?
- 10 What is reduction order in differential equations?
- 11 How do you write a reduction and oxidation reaction?
How do you find the degree of reduction?
Each compound involved in an electrochemical reaction has a degree of reduction, based on its electron donating or receiving capacities (Box 1, Table I). For instance, the degree of reduction of bicarbonate is calculated as 1 (H) + 4 (C) + 3-2 (O) + 1 (negative charge) = 0.
How do you calculate the degree of reduction of glucose?
Explanation: First, calculate the number of electrons each atom of the molecule can donate to reach a full valence shell. For example, Hydrogen = 1, Carbon = 4, Oxygen = -2 (since it receives electrons instead of donating), Nitrogen = -3. For ethanol (2 Carbon atoms), Degree of reduction = 12 / 2 = 6.
What is degree of reduction calculate degree of reduction of ethanol?
Ethanol (C2H5OH) has a degree of reduction of 12 (mol electrons/mol ethanol). Oxygen has a degree of reduction of -4 (mol electrons/mol oxygen) and a molecular weight of 32 g/mol, which corresponds to 8 g oxygen (=COD)/mol electrons.
How do you calculate biomass yield?
The ratio of the amount of biomass produced to the amount of substrate consumed (g biomass/g substrate) is defined as the biomass yield, and typically is defined relative to the electron donor used.
What is degree reduction?
The degree of reduction, Y. for organic compounds may be defined as the number of equiva- lents of available electrons per gram atom C. The degree of reduction of any element in a compound is equal to the valence of this element. For example, 4 is the valence of carbon in CO, and -3 is the valence of N in NH).
How is cod ethanol calculated?
Oxygen has a degree of reduction of -4 (mol electrons/mol oxygen) and a molecular weight of 32 g/mol, which corresponds to 8 g oxygen (=COD)/mol electrons. Multiplying 12 by 8, this results in 96 g COD/mol ethanol, or, 96/46 = 2,09 g COD/g ethanol.
What is the degree of reduction of glycerol?
The high degree of reduction of carbon atoms in glycerol (k = 4.67, where k represents the degree of reduction per carbon, a measure of the number of available electrons per unit of carbon [16]) provides a distinct advantage over more oxidized carbohydrate-based feedstocks such as glucose (k = 4) and xylose (k = 4) …
What is the degree of reduction of glucose *?
What is the degree of reduction of glucose? Explanation: Glucose is C6H12O6. The degree of reduction = 6 x (+4) + 12 x (+1) + 6 x (-2) = 24.
How is COD load calculated?
BOD (or COD) load: Units: kg/day The concentration of BOD (in mg/l) in the influent can be used to calculate the total BOD load per day being treated. This is simply done by multiplying the BOD in mg/l by the daily effluent volume in cubic metres (m3) and dividing the product by 1000.
Why is glycerol Nonfermentable?
Yeast cannot metabolize glycerol through the anaerobic fermentation. Conversion of glycerol to ethanol will produce 1 molecule more NADH, which cannot be re-oxidized into NAD under anaerobic condition. This coenzyme redox imbalance is the cause why glycerol is not a fermentable carbon source.
What is yeast glycerol?
Glycerol is the main compatible solute in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When faced with osmotic stress, for example during semi-solid state bread dough fermentation, yeast cells produce and accumulate glycerol in order to prevent dehydration by balancing the intracellular osmolarity with that of the environment.
How do you calculate aeration period?
(1) Normally ;
- Qw << Qo and Qe = Qo = Q. (2) Aeration time or hydralic retention time = Volume / Flow – rate.
- t = Va / Q.
- OL = ( Qo )( BODo ) / Va
- F / M = ( Qo )( BODo ) / ( Va ) ( MLSS )
- r = Qr / Qo
- SA = [ ( Va )( MLSS ) ] / [ ( Qe ) ( SSe ) + ( Qw ) ( SSw ) ]
- ASR = A / Qo
- ASR = A / [ ( Qo ) ( BODo ) ]
How do you calculate the degree of reduction in ethanol?
For ethanol (2 Carbon atoms), Degree of reduction = 12 / 2 = 6. For example, for ethanol (C2H5OH) = (2 x 4) + (5 x 1) + (1 x -2) + (1 x 1) = 12. Secondly, divide this value by the number of Carbon atoms in the molecule. For ethanol (2 Carbon atoms), Degree of reduction = 12 / 2 = 6.
What is reduction order in differential equations?
The method of reduction order as the name implies is a way reducing the order of an ordinary differential equations. In the first, second and third type of the reduction order, after reducing the order of the given differential equation. It can result to any type of the first order ordinary differential equation such as the below expressions:
What is the D-value of log reduction?
It is 90\% reduction in a specified microbial population. The time (in minutes) required to achieve 1 log reduction (at a specified temperature) is called D-value. Generally, in sterilization, it is required to achieve a SAL (sterility assurance level) of 10 6 and an additional 6 log reduction.
How do you write a reduction and oxidation reaction?
Write half-reactions for reduction and oxidation. Multiplication of half-reaction number to equalize. A chemical reaction in which one of the reactants is decreased and the other is oxidized is a reduction / oxidation (redox) reaction.